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attic Shiftwell this was a stable and

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flat as can be during the stick there

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there was no physiological evidence of

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him experiencing any pain whatsoever so

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what we've basically seen is that the

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eegees synchrony the turning on and off

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of these rhythms can be mediated by

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these DC field potentials but in a

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theoretical paper in by Weaver in

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nineteen ninety eight he suggested that

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we needed at least a hundred micro volt

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gradient where a millimeter away from it

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you'd have a hundred micro volts less

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voltage in the DC field potential and

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luckily we've known since 1875 that

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animals were capable of 150 to 200 micro

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volts per millimeter of field gradient

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so we do have enough juice to literally

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turn on and off synchrony or the

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rhythmic content of the brain and this

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can actually happen in the timescale of

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a millisecond you can initiate a rhythm

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you can create the onset of a rhythm

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within a millisecond or so using these

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DC field potentials and this is

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important the classical definition of

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binding that you're going to require a

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distant location to be bound with

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another location in order for things to

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work as an example if I move my hand I'm

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literally having a phase locking between

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my cerebellum the basal ganglia that

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modulate and smooth and help with

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movement the frontal lobe which

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initiates movement the motor strip this

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entire network has to have a

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phase-locked operation during the

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control of movement so the traditional

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view of this is that gamma is the

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binding rhythm but I'm here to here to

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tell you the heresy that gamma is far

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too slow to be the binding principle

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gamma emerges

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as a resonant property of bound networks

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it takes 45 milliseconds which is two

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wavelets worth of gamma for it to be

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seen in a neural network so it's a

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resonant property of having them bound

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but it's not the binding principle it's

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far too slow if you're going to bind a

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network for function you have to bind it

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now this millisecond not forty five

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milliseconds later after the fact so

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gamma emerges from bound networks but

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it's not the thing that binds them and

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it's easily understood why they've seen

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it as the binding rhythm because they've

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been looking with 40 a typically and

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Fourier smears the time domain and they

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don't see the the dynamics of the

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Fourier bursting and little chirps we'll

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see that in the displays I'm going to

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show you a little bit later this is an

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example of binding this is a each

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electrode in a high-density array has

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its own little spot up there and if

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you're perceiving something it takes you

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about 300 milliseconds to differentiate

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one stimulus from another and so let's

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say I threw out a double negative and

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your English teachers you know you've

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suddenly heard a semantic non sequitur

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there's a detector in your brain that

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will go off when you hear something

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that's not right and it's you know

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nicely that they refer to as a semantic

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non sequitur detector but let me tell

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you it's a BS detector yeah yeah when

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you hear something that's not right it

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takes you three hundred milliseconds to

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actually differentiate what you've heard

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from something else but at 400

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milliseconds your brain is going to have

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to identify whether it's BS or not just

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before you encode it into memory at 450

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milliseconds so

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the display that you see up front here

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is showing us that as as you approach

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this time period there are areas that

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are bound in and turned on to evaluate

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the the BS in the frontal lobe these are

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evaluative areas perceptual areas are

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now locked out if you're hearing BS you

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don't want to hear anymore BS so you're

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literally lock locking out your

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perceptual areas in locking in your

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evaluative frontal lobe areas and this

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happens on an instantaneous basis so

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binding is an important function it's

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how neural networks actually work and as

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a demonstration of it here you can see

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areas that are on an instantaneous basis

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when you hear something that is BS areas

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that evaluated are being turned on and

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locked in and areas that are going to

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continue to give you more BS are locked

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out traditionally again gamma is the

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binding rhythm that's the the gospel

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according to neurology at this point

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it's being taught in most of the

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universities but it's BS when I hear it

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my somatic non sequitur detector goes

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off before they probably start talking

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so but it's not the binding rhythm it's

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it's a property of being bound

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event-related potentials some of you may

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not be into EEG and ERPs and all of

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these so let's suggest what an ERP

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actually is before we talk about them a

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little bit you're going to receive this

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a sensory input as that reaches the

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cortex that's in a vote response that's

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like the knee-jerk you know boom that's

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a reflex it's just passing the signal up

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to the brain but from that point on the

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event-related potential is the brains

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oscillatory response to that input and

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essentially what happens is that at

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about a hundred milliseconds you get the

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court

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arrival of the signal and this is

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essentially very very similar to

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something called the perceptual frame if

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you perceive to stimuli and they're

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within about 75 to approximately 100

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milliseconds of each other you time lock

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them subjectively in your own mind as

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having happened at the same moment now

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you can perceive a 100 millisecond

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difference in time I mean that's not

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it's a tenth of a second you can you can

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tell something happened in a tenth of a

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second but if they happen within a tenth

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of a second literally they're bound

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together into the same perceptual packet

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and the brain processes these packets as

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a as a discrete chunk that's being

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processed you knit them back together

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into a stream that appears to be

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continuous but literally you're taking

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snapshots of the background of your life

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about ten times a second assuming your

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alpha frequency is Jen hurts people had

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have a faster alpha frequency have a

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faster snapshot they have an over

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sampling rate that's a little bit better

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and in fact they have a better semantic

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memory performance and typically a

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higher intelligence this work is out of

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salzburg austria a wolfgang klemish as

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lab in salzburg the this 100 millisecond

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time frame also has the initial

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processing of sensory inputs the

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Association cortex immediately adjacent

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to the primary sensory area receives the

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relay and the immediate surround in

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about that same time frame and the

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stimulus azhar projected up from the

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sensory areas in the back of the head up

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to the prefrontal and sensory

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integration areas the frontal areas are

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a valued of the parietal areas are

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sensory integration shortly thereafter

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so the brain is starting to actually

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process these pieces of information but

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the event-related potential has a

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specific morphology

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I'd like to mention it right now

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essentially if you phase reset or press

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the reset button and start alpha

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frequencies and theta frequencies at the

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same time add the two waveforms together

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and let them free run you get the wave

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shape of the event-related potential the

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DC field potentials can phase reset or

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initiate oscillatory activity within a

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millisecond so that the DC field

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potentials are literally hitting a reset

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button so that your brain can then

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process this activity the importance of

191
00:09:00,570 --> 00:08:57,730
this is that you have two basic systems

192
00:09:04,850 --> 00:09:00,580
within your brain that function for

193
00:09:08,970 --> 00:09:04,860
memory memory requires the frontal lobe

194
00:09:11,940 --> 00:09:08,980
and limbic systems theta frequencies

195
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which are slower as well as the more

196
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posterior alpha frequencies and they

197
00:09:18,900 --> 00:09:16,060
have to interact the frontal lobe is

198
00:09:21,540 --> 00:09:18,910
your working memory theta is associated

199
00:09:23,070 --> 00:09:21,550
with working memory and retrieval the

200
00:09:24,930 --> 00:09:23,080
Alpha frequencies on the back of the

201
00:09:27,390 --> 00:09:24,940
head are associated with semantic memory

202
00:09:30,870 --> 00:09:27,400
but for memory to work you have to take

203
00:09:32,930 --> 00:09:30,880
stuff from short-term hold the working

204
00:09:36,330 --> 00:09:32,940
memory and put it into long-term memory

205
00:09:39,210 --> 00:09:36,340
so if those two systems didn't have a

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method of interaction there'd be no data

207
00:09:45,090 --> 00:09:41,500
transfer between your working memory and

208
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your long-term memory and as Capri Bream

209
00:09:53,670 --> 00:09:48,100
has identified the memory storage itself

210
00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:53,680
is hollow holonomic holographic is what

211
00:09:58,800 --> 00:09:55,930
you put on a plate that holonomic is is